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Computer Architecture
Lecture 11
Processor Control
Dr José Cano Reyes
School of Computing Science
University of Glasgow
Autumn 2022
Copyright ©2022 John T. O'Donnell
2
Outline
• Levels of abstraction for processor control
– High level: control algorithm
– Middle level: control signal settings
– Low level: control circuit
• Control for Sigma16/M1
– High level: M1 control algorithm
– Middle level: M1 control signal settings
– Low level: M1 control circuit
• Hydra notation for processor control
3
Designing the processor control
• We don't want to design the control circuit directly as logic!
– Control needs to be changed frequently during a system design (and this is more like developing,
testing, and debugging software)
• We use a systematic approach
– Design a control algorithm
– From the algorithm, synthesise a control circuit
• The control circuit goes through a sequence of states, so the control algorithm is a higher-level notation
for describing that sequence of states
– What can we do in a state?
• Just assert a set of control signals!
4
Levels of abstraction for processor control
• High level: describe the control algorithm as a sequence of operations
– Give the effect of the action(s) that should happen in each state
– Example: pc := pc + 1
• Middle level: work out the control signals needed for each operation
– Add the Assert statement with the control signals that need to be set to 1 in order to make the
desired effect happen
– Example: Assert […]
• Low level: derive the control circuit with the delay element method
– Flip flops to represent the states
– Logic gates to generate the control signals and to enter the next state
5
High level: control algorithm
• We can describe the control algorithm using programming notation
– Restricted just to the constructs in the control algorithm language
• The control algorithm language
– only one computational statement (Assert)
– straight line code
– blocks
– case statement (if-then-else is a special case of case)
– while loop
– repeat forever
• We use a restricted language because we need to implement it in hardware
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